Taxonomy
Scientific name
Authority
Synonyms
Common names
Taxonomic sources
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Identification Information
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Taxonomic notes
Assessment Information
- IUCN Red List Category and Criteria
- Least Concern ver 3.1
- Assessment language
- English
- Year published
- 2016
- Date assessed
- 2015-03-09 00:00:00 UTC
Previously published Red List assessments
Regional assessments
Reviewer(s)
Contributor(s)
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Assessor(s)
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Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)
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Partner(s) / Institution(s)
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Authority / Authorities
Geographic Range
Native
Extant (resident)
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Extant
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Population
This species is abundant in inshore and offshore oceanic waters (Jadhav and Mohite 2013).
Discrete stocks of this species have been identified along the east coast of India. There is a considerable amount if mixing between the Cochin and Mumbai populations (Sajina et al. 2011). This species comprised 5.3 to 16.4% in all India from 1981 to 1990 with a total percentage contribution of 10.16% (Sivakami et al. 1994). This species comprises about 34.2% of the carangid species caught along Ratnagiri to the Gulf of Mannar area and is considered to have a great scope for expansion of its fishery in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Rao et al. 1977). At Cochin Fisheries Harbor, this species constitutes 53 and 85% in trawl and 57 to 100% in drift gill net carangid catches during different months. Before 1986 this species was absent in trawl net but increased from 0.95% in 1987 to 13.76% in 1990. In drift gill nets, it ranged from 0.74% in 1985 to 9.38% in 1989 and formed up to 62% in the purse seine fishery in 1987. With all three gears together, a fluctuating pattern forms with 4.41% in 1985, 7.61%in 1986, 3.44% in 1989 and 13.76% in 1990 (Sivakami et al. 1994).
Persian Gulf
It is very common in local markets in the Persian Gulf (Carpenter et al. 1997). Between 2001 and 2002, Paighambari and Daliri (2012) sampled shrimp trawl fisheries by-catch composition in the Bushehr province (Iranian waters). During the two fishing seasons, 14.50 and 22.02 kg of this species were collected as by-catch, which comprised of 0.09 and 0.17% of the total catch, respectively. CPUE was determined to be 0.14 and 0.14 kg/h, respectively. Valinassab et al. (2006) determined the total biomass of this species during a trawl survey from 2003 and 2004 in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This species total biomass was 0.04 and 0.34% in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, respectively.
Chen et al. (2013) recorded between 2 and 20 kg of this species were collected as bycatch from September 2010 through January 2011 in Kuwait's shrimp trawl fishery. Between 1 and 10 kg of this species were retained, while 1 and 10 kg were discarded.
In the Persian Gulf, aggregate regional catch data for this species from 1986 through 2011 show an initial increasing trend from 1986 to 2000, in which a peak of 1,100 tonnes was reached in 2000. Data is unavailable from 2001 through 2005; however, in 2006, only 12 tonnes were collected. Since then, catch production of this species has not exceeded 5 tonnes. Aggregate global catch data provides an overall increasing (fluctuating) trend for this species. About 3,000 tonnes were collected in 1950 and 109,151 tonnes in 2011 globally (FAO 2013).
Discrete stocks of this species have been identified along the east coast of India. There is a considerable amount if mixing between the Cochin and Mumbai populations (Sajina et al. 2011). This species comprised 5.3 to 16.4% in all India from 1981 to 1990 with a total percentage contribution of 10.16% (Sivakami et al. 1994). This species comprises about 34.2% of the carangid species caught along Ratnagiri to the Gulf of Mannar area and is considered to have a great scope for expansion of its fishery in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Rao et al. 1977). At Cochin Fisheries Harbor, this species constitutes 53 and 85% in trawl and 57 to 100% in drift gill net carangid catches during different months. Before 1986 this species was absent in trawl net but increased from 0.95% in 1987 to 13.76% in 1990. In drift gill nets, it ranged from 0.74% in 1985 to 9.38% in 1989 and formed up to 62% in the purse seine fishery in 1987. With all three gears together, a fluctuating pattern forms with 4.41% in 1985, 7.61%in 1986, 3.44% in 1989 and 13.76% in 1990 (Sivakami et al. 1994).
Persian Gulf
It is very common in local markets in the Persian Gulf (Carpenter et al. 1997). Between 2001 and 2002, Paighambari and Daliri (2012) sampled shrimp trawl fisheries by-catch composition in the Bushehr province (Iranian waters). During the two fishing seasons, 14.50 and 22.02 kg of this species were collected as by-catch, which comprised of 0.09 and 0.17% of the total catch, respectively. CPUE was determined to be 0.14 and 0.14 kg/h, respectively. Valinassab et al. (2006) determined the total biomass of this species during a trawl survey from 2003 and 2004 in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This species total biomass was 0.04 and 0.34% in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, respectively.
Chen et al. (2013) recorded between 2 and 20 kg of this species were collected as bycatch from September 2010 through January 2011 in Kuwait's shrimp trawl fishery. Between 1 and 10 kg of this species were retained, while 1 and 10 kg were discarded.
In the Persian Gulf, aggregate regional catch data for this species from 1986 through 2011 show an initial increasing trend from 1986 to 2000, in which a peak of 1,100 tonnes was reached in 2000. Data is unavailable from 2001 through 2005; however, in 2006, only 12 tonnes were collected. Since then, catch production of this species has not exceeded 5 tonnes. Aggregate global catch data provides an overall increasing (fluctuating) trend for this species. About 3,000 tonnes were collected in 1950 and 109,151 tonnes in 2011 globally (FAO 2013).
Habitat and Ecology
Marine
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This species is pelagic, schooling species (Smith-Vaniz 1984) that ranges into inshore waters (Randall 1995). Its diet consists primarily of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes (Sreenivasan 1974, Smith-Vaniz 1984) and squids (Randall 1995). The maximum recorded total length is 80 cm TL (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Spawning season for this species is from April to February with a peak from May to August. Both sexes attain maturity at between 25 and 27 cm, and fecundity off India ranged from 91,854 to 324,292 eggs (Sivakami 1995). Sizes at maturity have also been reported as 22 cm and 26.4 cm for females and males, respectively, (Bal and Rao 1984) and at 21 cm for both sexes (Jadhav and Mohite 2013). Off the Ratnagiri coast of Maharashtra, India, the spawning period is from May to January with a peak from May to October and average fecundity was 2,47,671 eggs (Jadhav and Mohite 2013).
Classification scheme
| Habitats | Suitability | Major importance |
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Threats
This species is a commercially important species throughout its range, especially in Indian waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Sajina et al. 2011). This species is collected by hook and line, beaches seines, trawls, purse seines and traps and is sold fresh and dried salted (Smith-Vaniz 1984).
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This species is a commercially important species throughout its range (Smith-Vaniz 1984); however, there have not been any observed or suspected global declines in the population levels for this species as a result of exploitation events.
Classification scheme
Threats
| title | scope | timing | score | severity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Use trade
This species is a commercially important species throughout its range, especially in Indian waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984, Sajina et al. 2011). This species is collected by hook and line, beaches seines, trawls, purse seines and traps and is sold fresh and dried salted (Smith-Vaniz 1984).
Text summary
There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species; however, its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP 2014).