Taxonomy
Scientific name
Authority
Synonyms
Common names
Taxonomic sources
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Identification Information
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Taxonomic notes
Assessment Information
- IUCN Red List Category and Criteria
- Least Concern ver 3.1
- Assessment language
- English
- Year published
- 2015
- Date assessed
- 2013-11-07 00:00:00 UTC
Previously published Red List assessments
Regional assessments
Reviewer(s)
Contributor(s)
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Assessor(s)
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Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)
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Partner(s) / Institution(s)
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Authority / Authorities
Geographic Range
Native
Extant (resident)
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Extant
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Selar crumenophthalmus is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical marine waters. In the western Atlantic Ocean it is known from Nova Scotia (Canada) south along the U.S. coast, Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along the South American coast to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil including Trinidade Island (Simon et al. 2013). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from Ascension Island (Wirtz et al. 2014). Its depth range is 1-170 m.
Population
This species comprised 56.16% of the catch composition of multiple hook and line in Lagonoy Gulf (July 1997-June 2002) (Olaño et al. 2009). It is well represented in museum collections and can be common and locally abundant (Fishnet 2 Portal, accessed 8 August 2012). In the Caribbean, it is common and locally abundant. It was formerly common in northwestern Jamaica (in the 1970s), however, populations appear to be patchy and in decline (Aiken and Kong 2002). It is seasonally abundant off St. Croix and common in the St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It is abundant in northwestern coastal waters of Reunion Island and is an important component of subsistence and commercial fisheries; on average, more than 68 t are harvested every year (Roos et al. 2007).
Habitat and Ecology
Marine
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Selar crumenophthalmus occurs in large inshore schools, usually in shallow waters (Smith-Vaniz 1984). It also occurs over shallow reefs or in turbid water. It can be associated with Whale Sharks (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013). Maximum size is to 27 cm standard length (SL); it is common to ~24 cm fork length (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002). The species feeds mostly at night on large planktonic animals; juveniles feed mostly on crustaceans (euphasiids, decapods) and adults are active predators of fish larvae and early juveniles. Its large eyes could be an adaptation to night predation (Roux and Conand 2000).
Its spawning season in Hawaii is from April through September or October. Size at maturity is <20 cm SL. Frequency of post-ovulatory follicles indicates that females spawn every three days. Mean batch fecundities are ~92,000 (Clark and Privitera 1995). In Reunion Island, this species has an annual reproductive cycle. Spawning occurs mostly from October to December with the length of one-year old individuals averaging 21.5 cm FL. Few survive longer than one year (Roux and Conand 2000). Sex ratio remained constant month to month and sexual maturity is attained at 21.5 cm FL. Spawning periods are potentially staggered from April to November, with a peak from September to November (Roos et al. 2007). Some studies indicate that the spawning period for this species extends over a period of 6-7 months (between March and September). Its life cycle is rapid and short (Roos et al. 2007).
Its spawning season in Hawaii is from April through September or October. Size at maturity is <20 cm SL. Frequency of post-ovulatory follicles indicates that females spawn every three days. Mean batch fecundities are ~92,000 (Clark and Privitera 1995). In Reunion Island, this species has an annual reproductive cycle. Spawning occurs mostly from October to December with the length of one-year old individuals averaging 21.5 cm FL. Few survive longer than one year (Roux and Conand 2000). Sex ratio remained constant month to month and sexual maturity is attained at 21.5 cm FL. Spawning periods are potentially staggered from April to November, with a peak from September to November (Roos et al. 2007). Some studies indicate that the spawning period for this species extends over a period of 6-7 months (between March and September). Its life cycle is rapid and short (Roos et al. 2007).
Classification scheme
| Habitats | Suitability | Major importance |
|---|---|---|
Threats
Selar crumenophthalmus is collected using hook and line, beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps and is marketed fresh or dried salted and for fishmeal and oil (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Its edibility is fair to good (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in prep). It occurs as bycatch in commercial bottom trawl fisheries off Qatar and is marketed for low value (Ibrahim et al. 1989).
The species is sold in fish markets in the Western Atlantic and is a highly rated bait for sailfish (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is targeted off Grenada for medium-scale commercial fisheries (Baldeo 2011). It is a minor commercial species off Cuba, Jamaica, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands (F. Pina-Amargos, M. Curtis and J. Brown pers. comm. 2012). Global aggregate catch data for S. crumenophthalmus between 1950-2011 shows an increasing trend. In 1950, only 3,000 tonnes were landed. Between 1958-1995, landings ranged from 20,000 to 60,000 tonnes and then increased to a peak of 174,710 tonnes in 2004, followed by a decline to 134,668 tonnes in 2007. Since then, catches have increased to 205,413 in 2011.
Aggregate landings in the western central Atlantic show fluctuating trends. The overall catch is dominated by Venezuela, which has been fishing for this species since 1950. The peak in catch was recorded in 1999 at 3,873 mt, followed by a 52% decline the following year at 1,873 mt, another peak was recorded in 2004 at 3,736 mt followed by a steady drop to 1,209 mt in 2006. Catch landings following 2006 show an increasing trend with a 20% decline from 2009 to 2010 (2,365 mt to 1,895 mt). Based on the CECAF south working (2009), which covers Guinea Bissau to Angola, catch landings for Carangidae spp. from 1994-2008 show an increase up to 20000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008, when they drop to 12000 metric tons, but not all countries are reporting (CECAF 2009).
Aggregate catch data for carangids nei in the eastern central Atlantic from 1950-2010 indicate an increasing trend with a peak in 1978 at 42,174 tonnes. Catch subsequently declined by 46% (at 22,821 tonnes) in 1980 and further decreased by 37% between 1980-1981. Landings fluctuated between 1981-1999. A second peak was recorded in 1999 at 30,938 tonnes, representing a 27% decrease from the first peak in 1978. Catch has since declined with a 67% decrease recorded in 2004, a period of five years from the last peak in 1999. Catch fluctuated between 2004-2010. Stock assessments of large pelagics is conducted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) (Baldeo 2011).
The species is sold in fish markets in the Western Atlantic and is a highly rated bait for sailfish (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is targeted off Grenada for medium-scale commercial fisheries (Baldeo 2011). It is a minor commercial species off Cuba, Jamaica, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands (F. Pina-Amargos, M. Curtis and J. Brown pers. comm. 2012). Global aggregate catch data for S. crumenophthalmus between 1950-2011 shows an increasing trend. In 1950, only 3,000 tonnes were landed. Between 1958-1995, landings ranged from 20,000 to 60,000 tonnes and then increased to a peak of 174,710 tonnes in 2004, followed by a decline to 134,668 tonnes in 2007. Since then, catches have increased to 205,413 in 2011.
Aggregate landings in the western central Atlantic show fluctuating trends. The overall catch is dominated by Venezuela, which has been fishing for this species since 1950. The peak in catch was recorded in 1999 at 3,873 mt, followed by a 52% decline the following year at 1,873 mt, another peak was recorded in 2004 at 3,736 mt followed by a steady drop to 1,209 mt in 2006. Catch landings following 2006 show an increasing trend with a 20% decline from 2009 to 2010 (2,365 mt to 1,895 mt). Based on the CECAF south working (2009), which covers Guinea Bissau to Angola, catch landings for Carangidae spp. from 1994-2008 show an increase up to 20000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008, when they drop to 12000 metric tons, but not all countries are reporting (CECAF 2009).
Aggregate catch data for carangids nei in the eastern central Atlantic from 1950-2010 indicate an increasing trend with a peak in 1978 at 42,174 tonnes. Catch subsequently declined by 46% (at 22,821 tonnes) in 1980 and further decreased by 37% between 1980-1981. Landings fluctuated between 1981-1999. A second peak was recorded in 1999 at 30,938 tonnes, representing a 27% decrease from the first peak in 1978. Catch has since declined with a 67% decrease recorded in 2004, a period of five years from the last peak in 1999. Catch fluctuated between 2004-2010. Stock assessments of large pelagics is conducted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) (Baldeo 2011).
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There are no major threats known for this species. There are some localized declines due to overexploitation (e.g., Jamaica). It is potentially vulnerable to regional overfishing due to net fisheries. It has been recorded in the diet of the invasive Lionfish, Pterois volitans (Munoz et al. 2011).
Classification scheme
Threats
| title | scope | timing | score | severity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Use trade
Selar crumenophthalmus is collected using hook and line, beach seines, trawls, purse seines and traps and is marketed fresh or dried salted and for fishmeal and oil (Smith-Vaniz 1984). Its edibility is fair to good (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in prep). It occurs as bycatch in commercial bottom trawl fisheries off Qatar and is marketed for low value (Ibrahim et al. 1989).
The species is sold in fish markets in the Western Atlantic and is a highly rated bait for sailfish (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is targeted off Grenada for medium-scale commercial fisheries (Baldeo 2011). It is a minor commercial species off Cuba, Jamaica, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands (F. Pina-Amargos, M. Curtis and J. Brown pers. comm. 2012). Global aggregate catch data for S. crumenophthalmus between 1950-2011 shows an increasing trend. In 1950, only 3,000 tonnes were landed. Between 1958-1995, landings ranged from 20,000 to 60,000 tonnes and then increased to a peak of 174,710 tonnes in 2004, followed by a decline to 134,668 tonnes in 2007. Since then, catches have increased to 205,413 in 2011.
Aggregate landings in the western central Atlantic show fluctuating trends. The overall catch is dominated by Venezuela, which has been fishing for this species since 1950. The peak in catch was recorded in 1999 at 3,873 mt, followed by a 52% decline the following year at 1,873 mt, another peak was recorded in 2004 at 3,736 mt followed by a steady drop to 1,209 mt in 2006. Catch landings following 2006 show an increasing trend with a 20% decline from 2009 to 2010 (2,365 mt to 1,895 mt). Based on the CECAF south working (2009), which covers Guinea Bissau to Angola, catch landings for Carangidae spp. from 1994-2008 show an increase up to 20000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008, when they drop to 12000 metric tons, but not all countries are reporting (CECAF 2009).
Aggregate catch data for carangids nei in the eastern central Atlantic from 1950-2010 indicate an increasing trend with a peak in 1978 at 42,174 tonnes. Catch subsequently declined by 46% (at 22,821 tonnes) in 1980 and further decreased by 37% between 1980-1981. Landings fluctuated between 1981-1999. A second peak was recorded in 1999 at 30,938 tonnes, representing a 27% decrease from the first peak in 1978. Catch has since declined with a 67% decrease recorded in 2004, a period of five years from the last peak in 1999. Catch fluctuated between 2004-2010. Stock assessments of large pelagics is conducted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) (Baldeo 2011).
The species is sold in fish markets in the Western Atlantic and is a highly rated bait for sailfish (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is targeted off Grenada for medium-scale commercial fisheries (Baldeo 2011). It is a minor commercial species off Cuba, Jamaica, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands (F. Pina-Amargos, M. Curtis and J. Brown pers. comm. 2012). Global aggregate catch data for S. crumenophthalmus between 1950-2011 shows an increasing trend. In 1950, only 3,000 tonnes were landed. Between 1958-1995, landings ranged from 20,000 to 60,000 tonnes and then increased to a peak of 174,710 tonnes in 2004, followed by a decline to 134,668 tonnes in 2007. Since then, catches have increased to 205,413 in 2011.
Aggregate landings in the western central Atlantic show fluctuating trends. The overall catch is dominated by Venezuela, which has been fishing for this species since 1950. The peak in catch was recorded in 1999 at 3,873 mt, followed by a 52% decline the following year at 1,873 mt, another peak was recorded in 2004 at 3,736 mt followed by a steady drop to 1,209 mt in 2006. Catch landings following 2006 show an increasing trend with a 20% decline from 2009 to 2010 (2,365 mt to 1,895 mt). Based on the CECAF south working (2009), which covers Guinea Bissau to Angola, catch landings for Carangidae spp. from 1994-2008 show an increase up to 20000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008, when they drop to 12000 metric tons, but not all countries are reporting (CECAF 2009).
Aggregate catch data for carangids nei in the eastern central Atlantic from 1950-2010 indicate an increasing trend with a peak in 1978 at 42,174 tonnes. Catch subsequently declined by 46% (at 22,821 tonnes) in 1980 and further decreased by 37% between 1980-1981. Landings fluctuated between 1981-1999. A second peak was recorded in 1999 at 30,938 tonnes, representing a 27% decrease from the first peak in 1978. Catch has since declined with a 67% decrease recorded in 2004, a period of five years from the last peak in 1999. Catch fluctuated between 2004-2010. Stock assessments of large pelagics is conducted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) (Baldeo 2011).
Text summary
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this fish.